In the early days, torrent files were typically published to torrent index websites, and registered with at least one tracker. The tracker maintained lists of the clients currently connected to the swarm.[1] Alternatively, in a trackerless system (decentralized tracking) every peer acts as a tracker. Azureus was the first[30] BitTorrent client to implement such a system through the distributed hash table (DHT) method. An alternative and incompatible DHT system, known as Mainline DHT, was released in the Mainline BitTorrent client three weeks later (though it had been in development since 2002)[30] and subsequently adopted by the μTorrent, Transmission, rTorrent, KTorrent, BitComet, and Deluge clients.
Database Development For Dummies Torrent
On 2 May 2005, Azureus 2.3.0.0 (now known as Vuze) was released,[40] introducing support for "trackerless" torrents through a system called the "distributed database." This system is a Distributed hash table implementation which allows the client to use torrents that do not have a working BitTorrent tracker. Instead just bootstrapping server is used (router.bittorrent.com, dht.transmissionbt.com or router.utorrent.com[41][42]). The following month, BitTorrent, Inc. released version 4.2.0 of the Mainline BitTorrent client, which supported an alternative DHT implementation (popularly known as "Mainline DHT", outlined in a draft on their website) that is incompatible with that of Azureus. In 2014, measurement showed concurrent users of Mainline DHT to be from 10 million to 25 million, with a daily churn of at least 10 million.[43]
This study emerged from a research project that aimed to develop a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) model for torrent control structures. This publication constitutes the last part of model development and shows the LCA results of the examined structure types considering the entire life cycle. These LCA results will be used in a further step to close the environmental knowledge gap within the area of sustainability assessment. The sustainability assessment of buildings is already widespread and standardised in Green Building Rating Systems (GBRSs), which use LCA benchmarks for the rating of environmental indicators. The development of GBRSs for infrastructure is somewhat younger than the developements in the building sector and the existing systems do not yet provide LCA benchmarks for the environmental rating of the structures. The study shows how to derive benchmarks from the LCA results and thus gives a quantitative basis for a future rating of environmental indicators of torrent control structures.
The development of LCA benchmarks for torrent control structures considers on one hand the requirements of the standards, which are dealing with the framework and the conduction of an LCA (EN ISO 14040, EN ISO 14044) (ISO 2006a; ISO 2006b). The methodological basics for the life cycle assessment of torrent control structures were created by screening the LCAs of several construction projects. Through the analysis of all relevant construction processes, it was possible to determine system boundaries, cutoff criteria, suitable data sources and hotspots of the processes (Paratscha et al. 2019).
In summary, it can be emphasised that a quantifiable evaluation method for the environmental impacts of projects is missing within the rating systems described. Within the rating systems, it is often pointed out that for the quantification of the criteria, there are still some basics missing. For example, these basics can consist, e.g. in a certain number of rated projects or basic research data. This study aims to provide these basic research data for an environmental assessment of torrent control structures through the development of LCA benchmarks.
The aim of this study is to develop LCA benchmarks for a quantifiable evaluation method of environmental impacts caused by infrastructure projects, which can be applied in GBRSs. Therefore, the development of the LCA benchmarks for torrent control structures was based on existing methodology of GBRSs in the field of building construction.
For the benchmark development of torrent control structures, a hybrid method of internal and external benchmarks was applied. The predetermined structure types from the SSD are considered as reference structures that represent the internal benchmarks. The calculated structure types from the analysed construction reports are used to reproduce the structure stock and thus represent the external benchmark. By combining these two methods, a hybrid benchmark was developed.
The present study was the first to establish LCA benchmarks for torrent control structures. The methodological approach provides a framework for the future development of such benchmarks. Furthermore, this allows decision-making in early planning stages and throughout the entire life cycle of the structures, taking into account environmental impacts.
The development of these LCA benchmarks represents the first step towards environmental assessment of torrent control structures and closes the knowledge gap that was pointed out by Bocchini et al. (2014).
This map from the Washington Herp Atlas illustrates the distribution of Olympic torrent salamander in Washington based on records in the WDFW database as of 2016. If you see this species in areas that are not indicated on the map or have more recent observations (less than 10 years), please share your observation using the WDFW wildlife reporting form. 2ff7e9595c
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